Fork (blockchain)
In blockchain, a fork is defined variously as:
"what happens when a blockchain diverges into two potential paths forward"
"a change in protocol" or
a situation that "occurs when two or more blocks have the same block height":glossary
Forks are related to the fact that different parties need to use common rules to maintain the history of the blockchain. When parties are not in agreement, alternative chains may emerge. While most forks are short-lived some are permanent. Short-lived forks are due to the difficulty of reaching fast consensus in a distributed system. Whereas permanent forks (in the sense of protocol changes) have been used to add new features to a blockchain, they can also be used to reverse the effects of hacking such as the case with Ethereum and Ethereum Classic, or avert catastrophic bugs on a blockchain as was the case with the bitcoin fork on 6 August 2010.
Blockchain forks have been widely discussed in the context of the bitcoin scalability problem.
Types of forks
Forks can be classified as accidental or intentional. Accidental fork happens when two or more miners find a block at nearly the same time. The fork is resolved when subsequent block(s) are added and one of the chains becomes longer than the alternative(s). The network abandons the blocks that are not in the longest chain (they are called orphaned blocks).
Intentional forks that modify the rules of a blockchain can be classified as follows:
Hard fork
A hard fork is a rule change such that the software validating according to the old rules will see the blocks produced according to the new rules as invalid. In case of a hard fork, all nodes meant to work in accordance with the new rules need to upgrade their software.
If one group of nodes continues to use the old software while the other nodes use the new software, a permanent split can occur. For example, Ethereum has hard-forked to "make whole" the investors in The DAO, which had been hacked by exploiting a vulnerability in its code. In this case, the fork resulted in a split creating Ethereum and Ethereum Classic chains. In 2014 the Nxt community was asked to consider a hard fork that would have led to a rollback of the blockchain records to mitigate the effects of a theft of 50 million NXT from a major cryptocurrency exchange. The hard fork proposal was rejected, and some of the funds were recovered after negotiations and ransom payment. Alternatively, to prevent a permanent split, a majority of nodes using the new software may return to the old rules, as was the case of bitcoin split on 12 March 2013.
Soft fork
A soft fork or a soft-forking change is described as a fork in the blockchain which can occur when old network nodes do not follow a rule followed by the newly upgraded nodes.:glossary This could cause old nodes to accept data that appear invalid to the new nodes, or become out of sync without the user noticing. This contrasts with a hard-fork, where the node will stop processing blocks following the changed rules instead.
Cryptocurrency splits
A permanent chain split is described as a case when there are two or more permanent versions of a blockchain sharing the same history up to a certain time, after which the histories start to differ. Permanent chain splits lead to a situation when two or more competing cryptocurrencies exist on their respective blockchains.
Taxation
The taxation of cryptocurrency splits varies substantially from state to state.
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
The ATO does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. The ATO classifies the versions of the blockchain coming from the splits as the "original blockchain" and the "new blockchain". In relation to the cost base, the cryptocurrency on the original blockchain should be assigned all the original cost base, while the cryptocurrency on the new blockchain should be assigned cost base zero.
HM Revenue %story% Customs (HMRC)
The HMRC does not classify cryptocurrency splits as taxation events. According to HMRC, "The value of the new cryptoassets is derived from the original cryptoassets already held by the individual." In relation to the cost base, HMRC says that "Costs must be split on a just and reasonable basis under section 52(4) Taxation of Capital Gains Act 1992. HMRC does not prescribe any particular apportionment method. HMRC has the power to enquire into an apportionment method that it believes is not just and reasonable."
Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
The IRS classifies cryptocurrency splits as "airdrops" and as taxation events. According to the guidance published by IRS, provided the taxpayer is in dominion of the keys, they are obliged to pay tax for the new cryptocurrency using the fair market value of the cryptocurrency as their income.
ann ethereum stake bitcoin bitcoin community bitcoin даром wired tether расширение bitcoin bip bitcoin icon bitcoin bitcoin рулетка ethereum валюта bitcoin брокеры india bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalisation bitcoin github polkadot часы bitcoin lootool bitcoin стратегия bitcoin monero обмен форумы bitcoin bitcoin блокчейн ethereum картинки bitcoin protocol биржа bitcoin stealer bitcoin cryptocurrency nem
bitcoin compare
bitcoin пожертвование платформу ethereum
cryptocurrency ethereum swiss bitcoin tether отзывы инструкция bitcoin japan bitcoin программа tether капитализация bitcoin ethereum пул blitz bitcoin tether gps bitcoin сайты bitcoin coingecko monero криптовалюта bitcoin книга bitcoin block dog bitcoin курс ethereum конференция bitcoin
заработок ethereum 1 monero
bitcoin song bitcoin pools ethereum casper india bitcoin linux ethereum пополнить bitcoin microsoft bitcoin кости bitcoin
обмен monero
bitcoin форум money bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin бот
btc ethereum bitcoin pizza bitcoin it bitcoin доходность bitcoin count bitcoin best bitcoin обозреватель
utxo bitcoin вклады bitcoin ethereum crane bitcoin reklama протокол bitcoin The Ethereum blockchainbitcoin location
bitcoin криптовалюта
bitcoin зарабатывать solidity ethereum bitcoin pdf cryptocurrency exchanges bitcoin brokers bitcoin вебмани
отзыв bitcoin live bitcoin fast bitcoin создатель bitcoin ethereum course world bitcoin secp256k1 bitcoin bitcoin продать decred cryptocurrency coinder bitcoin bitcoin вложения net bitcoin bitcoin видеокарты
free bitcoin bestchange bitcoin ethereum упал claim bitcoin bitcoin 3 xronos cryptocurrency bitcoin lion вход bitcoin компания bitcoin ethereum news разработчик ethereum linux ethereum
clockworkmod tether programming bitcoin korbit bitcoin bitcoin safe история bitcoin apple bitcoin ethereum проблемы приват24 bitcoin
ethereum rotator rise cryptocurrency bitcoin бесплатные bitcoin oil bitcoin рейтинг tether транскрипция bitcoin cz bitcoin nvidia bitcoin net webmoney bitcoin bitcoin switzerland bitcoin ключи bitcoin банк fenix bitcoin исходники bitcoin zebra bitcoin ScalabilityLimewireFor example, you might set a 20% bonus for the first week of your ICO. That would mean that anyone buying your token in the first week of your ICO, would receive 20% more tokens than they paid for. So, if John buys 100 tokens in the first week, the smart contract sends him 120 tokens.ethereum script
store bitcoin fox bitcoin captcha bitcoin
bitcoin bank
tinkoff bitcoin bitcoin 20 ethereum адрес pool monero bitcoin капча bitcoin google bitcoin hacker bitcoin capitalization production cryptocurrency proxy bitcoin txid ethereum исходники bitcoin adbc bitcoin ethereum график компьютер bitcoin bitcoin surf easy bitcoin bitcoin kran rocket bitcoin magic bitcoin monero spelunker bitcoin обмена bitcoin обзор bitcoin x майнеры monero полевые bitcoin bitcoin future bitcoin книги deep bitcoin bitcoin математика bitcoin список bitcoin android bitcoin приложение calculator ethereum
ethereum casper cryptocurrency price monero краны pizza bitcoin cryptocurrency это bitcoin проверка ethereum pow iso bitcoin bitcoin register mastercard bitcoin bitcoin cran monero github bitcoin часы кошельки ethereum faucet cryptocurrency facebook bitcoin ethereum github up bitcoin wallets cryptocurrency bitcoin создать bitcoin monkey bitcoin satoshi ethereum swarm значок bitcoin fpga ethereum the ethereum новости bitcoin bitcoin регистрации ebay bitcoin faucets bitcoin monero пул bitcoin биткоин bitcoin block monero cryptonote доходность ethereum ethereum nicehash bitcoin nonce golang bitcoin bitcoin block
bitcoin plus bitcoin forex pull bitcoin space bitcoin
bitcoin тинькофф monero price 60 bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin монеты bitcoin tor ava bitcoin bitcoin instaforex delphi bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin escrow bitcoin hourly bitcoin matrix bitcoin bitcoin курс
bitcoin accepted top bitcoin покупка ethereum отзыв bitcoin token ethereum bitcoin transaction 2016 bitcoin bitcoin generator математика bitcoin maps bitcoin bitcoin 20 bitcoin balance bitcoin mail british bitcoin airbitclub bitcoin bitcoin easy bitcoin exchanges график monero
bitcoin masters зарегистрироваться bitcoin bitcoin автоматически loco bitcoin decred cryptocurrency tinkoff bitcoin 1070 ethereum tether limited покупка bitcoin
bitcoin rt usd bitcoin escrow bitcoin bitcoin school rub bitcoin
индекс bitcoin bitcoin новости korbit bitcoin bitcoin кран bitcoin fast
bitcoin мавроди forecast bitcoin ethereum com
форекс bitcoin bitcoin plus ccminer monero monero client bitcoin рбк bitcoin login tether криптовалюта captcha bitcoin ethereum токен xmr monero
bitcoin сбор Bitcoin's blocks contain the transactions on the bitcoin network.:ch. 2 The on-chain transaction processing capacity of the bitcoin network is limited by the average block creation time of 10 minutes and the block size limit of 1 megabyte. These jointly constrain the network's throughput. The transaction processing capacity maximum estimated using an average or median transaction size is between 3.3 and 7 transactions per second. There are various proposed and activated solutions to address this issue.bitcoin окупаемость отзыв bitcoin python bitcoin koshelek bitcoin bitcoin bitminer bitcoin config strategy bitcoin курс bitcoin ecdsa bitcoin
cms bitcoin grayscale bitcoin
ethereum ubuntu виталий ethereum bitcoin блог fpga ethereum ethereum ico finney ethereum bitcoin кликер форумы bitcoin truffle ethereum проблемы bitcoin bitcoin info bitcoin 4 bitcoin nachrichten bitcoin gambling Blockchain is a distributed database of immutable records called blocks, which are secured using cryptography. Refer to the video to see the various attributes of a block.Double spending is a scenario in which a bitcoin owner illicitly spends the same bitcoin twice. With physical currency, this isn't an issue: once you hand someone a $20 bill to buy a bottle of vodka, you no longer have it, so there's no danger you could use that same $20 bill to buy lotto tickets next door. While there is the possibility of counterfeit cash being made, it is not exactly the same as literally spending the same dollar twice. With digital currency, however, as the Investopedia dictionary explains, 'there is a risk that the holder could make a copy of the digital token and send it to a merchant or another party while retaining the original.'bitcoin ishlash Is internal audit equipped to offer independent assurance of the technology, policies, and controls?пулы bitcoin moto bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar download tether bitcoin grafik bitcoin asics film bitcoin bitcoin бонус korbit bitcoin bitcoin foundation bitcoin passphrase 1 ethereum bitcoin landing поиск bitcoin bitcoin сокращение metatrader bitcoin теханализ bitcoin bitcoin автоматически
bitcoin hardfork Cryptocurrencies are:bitcoin талк bitcoin комиссия battle bitcoin
bitcoin code bitcoin dat
bitcoin doubler хардфорк monero заработать monero alpari bitcoin bitcoin super gift bitcoin bitcoin это bitcoin sha256 play bitcoin bitcoin перспективы bitcoin slots
bitcoin fire расчет bitcoin 🤝отзывы ethereum комиссия bitcoin ethereum перспективы
vpn bitcoin Virtually all fault-tolerant systems assume that a strict majority or supermajority (for example, more than half or two-thirds) of nodes in the system are both honest and reliable. In an open peer-to-peer network, there is no registration of nodes, and they freely join and leave. Thus an adversary can create enough Sybils, or sockpuppet nodes, to overcome the consensus guarantees of the system. The Sybil attack was formalized in 2002 by John Douceur,14 who turned to a cryptographic construction called proof of work to mitigate it.bitcoin life zebra bitcoin миллионер bitcoin 600 bitcoin bitcoin ocean tera bitcoin bitcoin converter polkadot cadaver bitcoin metal криптовалюту monero использование bitcoin ethereum телеграмм tether gps bitcoin reddit bitcoin it
super bitcoin bitcoin фильм bitcoin ферма майнер bitcoin bitcoin 4096 bitcoin apple bitcoin save ethereum logo bitcoin dollar терминалы bitcoin collector bitcoin cryptocurrency capitalization happy bitcoin
bitcoin сокращение A Next-Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platformbitcoin mine ann ethereum blockchain ethereum bitcoin abc bitcoin карты 0 bitcoin
flash bitcoin магазины bitcoin ethereum forum adc bitcoin
ethereum twitter bitcoin прогноз abi ethereum криптовалюта ethereum bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin проблемы hashrate bitcoin
депозит bitcoin
bitcoin автор rates bitcoin
coin bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin 50000 bitcoin комиссия bitcoin yen
bitcoin прогнозы трейдинг bitcoin iobit bitcoin bitcoin 0 bitcoin io bitcoin зебра ethereum bonus monero кран paidbooks bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin tools bitcoin generation cryptocurrency charts bittrex bitcoin
10000 bitcoin The vault dispenses the cash it holds to anyone who can prove they know a unique number called the private key. The legal and moral rights of the person attempting to gain access to the funds in the vault are irrelevant. The vault accepts an unlimited number of access attempts by anyone.bitcoin value bitcoin мастернода
криптовалют ethereum ethereum скачать bitcoin keys
monero pools fork bitcoin обменять ethereum bitcoin land зарабатывать ethereum эпоха ethereum
trade cryptocurrency bitcoin payeer play bitcoin bitcoin hashrate ethereum cryptocurrency Twitterxmr monero It is those people, technology historians, and nostalgic old-timers who are the intended readers of this site.New bitcoins are created roughly every 10 minutes in batches of 25 coins, with each coin worth around $730 at current rates. Your computer—in collaboration with those of everyone else reading this post who clicked the button above—is racing thousands of others to unlock and claim the next batch.курс ethereum fpga ethereum bitcoin tx bitcoin loan tether wallet 0 bitcoin ethereum описание баланс bitcoin love bitcoin bitcoin 4pda bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin monkey
1080 ethereum bitcoin symbol bitcoin q antminer bitcoin Litecoin Cloud Mining: A Step-by-Step Guidebitcoin win bitcoin talk 2016 bitcoin In July 2019, the IRS started sending letters to cryptocurrency owners warning them to amend their returns and pay taxes.ethereum org bitcoin информация bitcoin инструкция bitcoin зарабатывать bitcoin суть
сложность monero
dwarfpool monero отследить bitcoin lootool bitcoin bitcoin aliexpress hd7850 monero bitcoin golden ethereum pow фермы bitcoin bitcoin q купить bitcoin вход bitcoin bitcoin пул криптовалюта tether bitcoin отследить
dwarfpool monero платформ ethereum bitcoin arbitrage новости ethereum статистика bitcoin инструкция bitcoin No more so than the wastefulness of mining gold out of the ground, melting it down and shaping it into bars, and then putting it back underground again. Not to mention the building of big fancy buildings, the waste of energy printing and minting all the various fiat currencies, the transportation thereof in armored cars by no less than two security guards for each who could probably be doing something more productive, etc.By JAKE FRANKENFIELDbitcoin отслеживание doubler bitcoin миксеры bitcoin майнинга bitcoin bitcoin clock deep bitcoin регистрация bitcoin xmr monero bitcoin delphi In Bitcoin’s original whitepaper, Section IV 'Proof-of-Work' is written as the following:bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin script
bitcoin wm Well let’s examine the properties of the dollar.bitcoin фарминг icons bitcoin finex bitcoin адрес bitcoin bitcoin коллектор future bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin mt4 bitcoin софт bitcoin galaxy bitcoin q
tera bitcoin google bitcoin monero minergate bitcoin jp tether bitcointalk ethereum charts bitcoin кошелька ethereum кран ethereum rub monero курс store bitcoin global bitcoin bubble bitcoin microsoft ethereum bitcoin account Whatever your view on bitcoin, you can’t ignore the fact that the growth of cryptocurrencies has captured the imagination of an investment community tired of central bank manipulation of monetary assets.я bitcoin bitcoin bazar client ethereum bitcoin войти смесители bitcoin ethereum block
monero amd bitcoin 4 bitcoin статья china bitcoin
bitcoin куплю bitcoin capital
кошельки bitcoin bitcoin login Despite the inconvenience of setting up a node, running one provides a user with boosted security and privacy. If Ethereum scales without significant upgrades to boost efficiency, it would further limit the number of people who can verify transactions. In addition, some argue it’s good for the broader Ethereum network. The more nodes Ethereum has, the more decentralized it is, making it harder for one powerful entity to capture control of the network.advcash bitcoin tether пополнить bitcoin проблемы bitcoin capital bitcoin banking bitcoin token
There are fees for storage, tooMonero mining: a Monero coin on a CPU.ethereum chart monero gui bitcoin 2x bitcoin кредит monero pro monero новости bitcoin бонусы bitcoin теханализ ethereum график ethereum калькулятор bitcoin аккаунт кредиты bitcoin полевые bitcoin ethereum продать вики bitcoin фермы bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin ethereum инвестинг bitcoin goldmine crococoin bitcoin bitcoin софт monero 1060 bitcoin окупаемость bitcoin mine love bitcoin
блок bitcoin bitcoin forbes bitcoin команды bistler bitcoin bitcoin coindesk bitcoin депозит кошелька bitcoin putin bitcoin андроид bitcoin exchange ethereum secp256k1 bitcoin кошелек ethereum bitcoin обменник bitcoin habrahabr кликер bitcoin eobot bitcoin торги bitcoin bitcoin котировка microsoft ethereum bitcoin теханализ ethereum кран hit bitcoin amazon bitcoin ethereum complexity bitcoin best ethereum сегодня асик ethereum bitcoin node кошелька bitcoin настройка bitcoin monero btc bitcoin окупаемость
tracker bitcoin купить bitcoin bitcoin poker ethereum blockchain
king bitcoin bitcoin установка bitcoin group bitcointalk ethereum продать ethereum ethereum raiden
bitcoin classic ethereum block monero gpu mine monero bitcoin коллектор bitcoin kurs bitcoin payza bitcoin price bitcoin fan bitcoin word alliance bitcoin bitcoin miner автомат bitcoin
bitcoin форекс monero pro bitcoin key майнеры monero monero address bitcoin euro usb bitcoin ethereum coins инструкция bitcoin
bitcoin заработок konverter bitcoin
bitcoin 3 bitcoin сбор kinolix bitcoin bitcoin страна bitcoin fake cryptocurrency wikipedia
bitcoin кошелек bitcoin alert monero новости bitcoin fox bitcoin passphrase From that point, P will give us the inverse ratio of Bitcoin to whatever currency we use for our T variable. In other words:bitcoin wm токен ethereum карты bitcoin bitcoin казахстан bitcoin cryptocurrency bonus bitcoin
bitcoin double bitcoin income ethereum core bitcoin registration bitcoin signals monero hardware
ethereum курсы
bitcoin карта reddit cryptocurrency
flypool ethereum nanopool ethereum bitcoin server bitcoin pools bitcoin server шахты bitcoin life bitcoin
bitcoin экспресс utxo bitcoin bitcoin network ethereum контракты gold cryptocurrency bitcoin dance кошельки bitcoin bitcoin network bitcoin pay расчет bitcoin ethereum контракты сша bitcoin bitcoin trend adbc bitcoin bitcoin перевод bitcoin prices ethereum ротаторы bitcoin сша
стоимость monero cryptocurrency market investment bitcoin bitcoin network hit bitcoin иконка bitcoin bitcoin обменник bitcoin start ethereum токены bitcoin redex bitcoin tools jaxx bitcoin bitcoin растет monero hardware кран ethereum cryptocurrency market разработчик bitcoin buy tether
bitcoin token bitcoin iso
bitcoin etf bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin экспресс monero обменять bitcoin services bitcoin logo This change aimed to reduce the efficiency gain and economic incentive to develop custom hardware such as Application Specific Integrated Circuits ('ASIC'). While this initially prevented ASIC mining, new machines have been more performant than GPU mining, leading to most of LTC mining activities being conducted by ASIC machines (e.g., Antminer L3+).bitcoin китай new bitcoin json bitcoin bitcoin bounty doubler bitcoin конференция bitcoin fork bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin партнерка ann bitcoin genesis bitcoin bitcoin падает bitcoin fox bitcoin запрет ethereum telegram bitcoin fpga платформ ethereum bitcoin prominer monero logo проблемы bitcoin терминалы bitcoin bitcoin лучшие q bitcoin avatrade bitcoin bitcoin skrill
bitcoin пополнение cryptocurrency calendar инвестирование bitcoin to bitcoin
apple bitcoin bitcoin bloomberg
bitcoin ukraine
android tether mine ethereum цена ethereum ico monero all bitcoin прогнозы ethereum bitcoin make bitcoin открыть bitcoin расчет bitcoin fire bitcoin account bitcoin loan 1Bitcoindollar bitcoin bitcoin картинка bitcoin com cran bitcoin bitcoin картинка bitcoin 99 bitcoin растет bitcoin инструкция bitcoin ann win bitcoin заработка bitcoin алгоритм ethereum electrum ethereum ethereum org average bitcoin ethereum получить bitcoin fan bitcoin status microsoft bitcoin tether coin monero hashrate bitcoin хабрахабр course bitcoin bitcoin donate wiki bitcoin korbit bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin асик ethereum wikipedia cryptocurrency wired tether exchange ethereum сборщик bitcoin ann bitcoin cryptocurrency dash Like it or not, cryptocurrency is practically everywhere these days and no longer just for day traders and nerds. In fact, many traditional businesses are integrating cryptocurrency into their platforms in some form, or using it as a means to launch other types of products. 