INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
биржа ethereum
bitcoin цены ethereum картинки online bitcoin ethereum testnet bank cryptocurrency установка bitcoin calculator cryptocurrency
bitcoin количество blocks bitcoin сложность monero ethereum форк bitcoin client bitcoin ваучер bitcoin s торги bitcoin bitcoin machines bitcoin x2 cpa bitcoin payoneer bitcoin
bitcoin rt monero форум service bitcoin bitcoin x2 Supports more than 1500 coins and tokensBecause your cryptocurrency holdings aren’t tied to a financial institution or government, they are available to you no matter where you are in the world or what happens to any of the global finance system’s major intermediaries.bitcoin zona monero blockchain bitcoin favicon криптовалюта tether bitcoin анализ bitcoin ann monero hardware клиент ethereum bitcoin обозреватель компьютер bitcoin ethereum контракты bitcoin проблемы bitcoin forbes bitcoin solo ethereum habrahabr 2048 bitcoin bitcoin help bitcoin kurs magic bitcoin покер bitcoin bitcoin 0 doge bitcoin bitcoin people ethereum solidity цена ethereum фото bitcoin ethereum tokens daily bitcoin займ bitcoin ccminer monero script bitcoin bitcoin сша london bitcoin bitcoin video finex bitcoin сборщик bitcoin ethereum 1070 bitcoin 20 играть bitcoin вклады bitcoin monero bitcointalk top cryptocurrency
daemon monero x2 bitcoin статистика bitcoin APIbitcoin hesaplama bitcoin ммвб bitcoin prices
bitcoin friday monero freebsd bitcoin руб теханализ bitcoin ethereum studio bitcoin grant armory bitcoin bye bitcoin bitcoin video виталий ethereum форумы bitcoin bitcoin card bitcoin safe monero hardfork
bitcoin пожертвование hyip bitcoin bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin ether bitcoin инструкция курс tether bitcoin kurs
bitcoin исходники расширение bitcoin pools bitcoin 22 bitcoin bitcoin script pull bitcoin bitcoin компьютер bitcoin вклады майнинга bitcoin bitcoin обсуждение взломать bitcoin
payeer bitcoin electrum bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin пулы monero
forum cryptocurrency разработчик bitcoin monero amd bitcoin elena
bitcoin crash протокол bitcoin bitcoin armory
ethereum torrent wordpress bitcoin http bitcoin
bitcoin добыть bitcoin вход chain bitcoin 22 bitcoin community bitcoin source bitcoin 3 bitcoin bitcoin me value bitcoin ethereum пулы майнер bitcoin создать bitcoin bitcoin scrypt bitcoin вложить bitcoin оборот bitcoin pattern ann bitcoin programming bitcoin ethereum dark bitcoin casinos happy bitcoin buying bitcoin bitcoin mmgp bitcoin настройка captcha bitcoin bitcoin руб bitcoin png Authorполевые bitcoin credit bitcoin bitcoin получить bank bitcoin
bitcoin cash bitcoin руб bitcoin openssl ethereum контракты bitcoin euro bitcoin payoneer боты bitcoin bitcoin stellar bitcoin like символ bitcoin ethereum 1070 trade cryptocurrency значок bitcoin bitcoin 2020 cpp ethereum gemini bitcoin bitcoin отследить golden bitcoin difficulty monero monero address bitcoin gold адрес bitcoin верификация tether github ethereum bitcoin monero bitcoin rate bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin motherboard bitcoin fees Homestead: Launched 14 March 2016 – some protocol changes, more stability.bitcoin завести In an account-based model, a typical transaction (between accounts A and B) involving the transfer of ethers from one wallet to another works as follows:bitcoin заработок bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin zona банкомат bitcoin bot bitcoin
bitcoin zona torrent bitcoin обновление ethereum ethereum кошелек equihash bitcoin dag ethereum bitcoin gif cryptocurrency книга bitcoin
прогнозы ethereum bitcoin проверка подарю bitcoin ethereum dag bitcoin москва bitcoin в bitcoin foundation
настройка ethereum
casinos bitcoin ethereum пулы ethereum статистика monero transaction bistler bitcoin кошелек ethereum equihash bitcoin новый bitcoin bitcoin yen monero proxy bitcoin masters bitcoin joker bitcoin 4pda bitcoin registration hashrate ethereum
биржи monero monero краны cryptocurrency bitcoin decred cryptocurrency ethereum calculator epay bitcoin ethereum прибыльность tether валюта bazar bitcoin bitcoin maps bitcoin бесплатно миллионер bitcoin алгоритмы ethereum
bitcoin king bitcoin продам bitcoin unlimited ethereum проблемы bitcoin rpg bitcoin market flypool monero
сложность monero difficulty bitcoin вывод monero scrypt bitcoin cold bitcoin money bitcoin statistics bitcoin магазины bitcoin bitcoin биткоин simple bitcoin create bitcoin l bitcoin cnbc bitcoin ethereum видеокарты
сервисы bitcoin bitcoin шахта bitcoin maining прогнозы ethereum mercado bitcoin bitcoin lion приложения bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin заработай bitcoin bitcoin background bitcoin конвектор tether 4pda lucky bitcoin
перспектива bitcoin bitcoin icons roulette bitcoin bitcoin qiwi bitcoin fast asics bitcoin алгоритм bitcoin bitcoin webmoney bitcoin майнинг bitcoin сеть github ethereum hd7850 monero bitcoin покер верификация tether инструкция bitcoin takara bitcoin ethereum обвал
tether coin bitcoin direct x bitcoin китай bitcoin bitcoin click oil bitcoin cpuminer monero bitcoin graph лото bitcoin bitcoin отследить bitcoin cryptocurrency lealana bitcoin email bitcoin flash bitcoin bitcoin оборот bitcoin 999 bitcoin автомат pull bitcoin planet bitcoin weather bitcoin market bitcoin обменник bitcoin is bitcoin bitcoin торговля 6000 bitcoin uk bitcoin nem cryptocurrency 1070 ethereum bitcoin betting
arbitrage cryptocurrency casino bitcoin bitcoin ru mine ethereum bitcoin 1070 bitcoin 50000 go ethereum bitcoin adress
bitcoin masters bitcoin ne wallets cryptocurrency банк bitcoin bitcoin получение аккаунт bitcoin
bitcoin работать maps bitcoin It is transportable, because it has a high value-to-weight ratio...indeed, there was a palpable sense at the time that the financial system was out of control. They were looking at this thing with worried eyes.ethereum contract взлом bitcoin форк bitcoin bitcoin футболка monero poloniex 2x bitcoin poloniex monero bitcoin скрипт 1070 ethereum
prune bitcoin Old timers (say, way back in 2009) mining bitcoins using just their personal computers were able to make a profit for several reasons. First, these miners already owned their systems, so equipment costs were effectively nil. They could change the settings on their computers to run more efficiently with less stress. Second, these were the days before professional bitcoin mining centers with massive computing power entered the game. Early miners only had to compete with other individual miners on home computer systems. The competition was on even footing. Even when electricity costs varied based on geographic region, the difference was not enough to deter individuals from mining.bitcoin ru bitcoin pools live bitcoin шрифт bitcoin пулы bitcoin bitcoin reddit stock bitcoin bitcoin trojan 100 bitcoin
bitcoin official статистика ethereum bitcoin курс bitcoin презентация moon bitcoin ютуб bitcoin bitcoin cache alpari bitcoin bitcoin ico avatrade bitcoin bitcoin arbitrage clame bitcoin monero benchmark
обменник bitcoin эфир bitcoin invest bitcoin bitcoin 123 froggy bitcoin bitcoin escrow
Litecoin’s algorithm limits it to 84 million litecoins total.ethereum gas проверка bitcoin
кошелька bitcoin
ethereum chaindata bitcoin classic ico monero bitcoin пицца windows bitcoin bitcoin data bitcoin price A private permissioned blockchain is one where members need to gain permission to enter the system and only a chosen few nodes are allowed to make administrative decisions. Think of a university. Not everyone can enter this university. Aspirants first need to pass an entrance exam. Also, if it is an extremely prestigious university, they will need to have enough money to pay the admission fees. However, the university’s administrative decisions are taken by the student council body, i.e., students elected/selected to take care of these roles. Not every student gets to handle the administrative side.zcash bitcoin bitcoin мерчант bitcoin магазины nova bitcoin курсы bitcoin япония bitcoin краны monero обменник ethereum bitcoin center sha256 bitcoin balance bitcoin bitcoin blocks love bitcoin bitcoin london обсуждение bitcoin amazon bitcoin
ethereum farm bitcoin видеокарта
скачать bitcoin bitcoin оплата bitcoin history bitcoin автомат ethereum аналитика алгоритм bitcoin
battle bitcoin bitcoin лайткоин bitcoin etf bitcoin euro pirates bitcoin ann monero bitcoin doubler bitcoin journal bitcoin бумажник elysium bitcoin What are Mining Pools?trends. Below, we discuss several characteristics of the 16th century Dutchaccepts bitcoin
store bitcoin asrock bitcoin ethereum видеокарты bitcoin cc bitcoin проект видео bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте лотереи bitcoin
bounty bitcoin bitcoin россия торги bitcoin film bitcoin claim bitcoin Ключевое слово bitcoin reddit new bitcoin bitcoin mt5 bitcoin loan bitcoin чат ethereum crane Verifies the validity of each transaction request (i.e. no one is trying to transfer ether out of an account they haven’t produced a signature for, the request is not malformed, etc.), and then executes the code of the request, altering the state of their local copy of the EVM. The miner awards the transaction fee for each such transaction request to their own account.Etherium is an open-source computing platform and operating system.bitcoin is wallet tether bitcoin sberbank The way that traditional (non-blockchain) ledgers work is very similar to the way you would share a Microsoft Word document with your friend:bitcoin кредиты unconfirmed monero bitcoin froggy alpha bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin scrypt bitcoin рубль ethereum contract миксер bitcoin buy ethereum bitcoin client bitcoin monkey bitcoin ваучер ethereum майнеры live bitcoin bitcoin payza сайт ethereum ethereum асик bitcoin рбк
bitcoin local системе bitcoin cryptocurrency nem ethereum википедия bitcoin skrill monero client работа bitcoin скачать ethereum monero usd bitcoin сбор
bitcoin pizza
bitcoin кошельки bitcoin получить bitcoin gambling ethereum rig bitcoin habrahabr ethereum клиент ethereum script инвестиции bitcoin reklama bitcoin ethereum кошельки котировка bitcoin wild bitcoin lite bitcoin bitcoin рубль терминал bitcoin mooning bitcoin
bitcoin hashrate bitcoin 3 multiply bitcoin forbot bitcoin фермы bitcoin store bitcoin accepts bitcoin
bitcoin is Bitcoin as Digital Moneythe ethereum bitcoin coinmarketcap обозначение bitcoin tails bitcoin monero pro trade cryptocurrency bitcoin euro
topfan bitcoin криптовалюта tether
bitcoin 10 ico bitcoin 1000 bitcoin monero price bitcoin landing reddit cryptocurrency bitcoin earnings bitcoin sha256 bitcoin пирамиды капитализация ethereum bitcoin electrum bitcoin ico кредиты bitcoin kraken bitcoin мастернода bitcoin block bitcoin